Very young children, the elderly, and individuals with illnesses are three groups particularly at risk during extremely hot weather. High temperatures can worsen heart and respiratory problems. During the 2003 heatwave, there were reportedly 15,000 additional deaths in France compared to typical figures. Across Europe, an additional 70,000 deaths were recorded. This episode demonstrated that high temperatures can be very dangerous for the body and can cause death in the most dependent and weakest individuals, such as children and the elderly. That's why it's so important to ensure simple yet effective measures to preserve the health of this vulnerable population. Every year at the beginning of summer, the Ministry of Health issues advice on dealing with heatwaves. Knowing how to stay cool during prolonged periods of heat can help save lives.
Recognizing a Heatwave
An average temperature of 30°C during the day and 25°C at night would trigger a health alert. These temperatures can have a significant effect on people's health if they persist for at least two consecutive days and nights. The national weather service has an alert system to warn the population of heatwaves. This system is in place from June 1 to September 15 (the period when the probability of a heatwave is highest).
- Level 1 Alert: People should be aware of what to do if the alert level is triggered.
- Level 2 Alert: There is a high likelihood of a heatwave in the coming days.
- Level 3 Alert: The heatwave is established.
- Level 4 Alert: Given for a severe and prolonged heatwave.
Preventing Heatstroke and Protecting Vulnerable Individuals
The elderly are more susceptible than younger individuals because their bodies weaken over time and defend themselves less quickly. Their families must take great care of them because the risk of heatstroke or dehydration is increased by a loss of thirst sensation. To prevent this, ensure that elderly individuals drink at least 1.5 liters of water per day. Several symptoms indicate cases of heatstroke or dehydration:
- Sleep disturbances (difficulty falling asleep).
- Unusual fatigue or restlessness.
- Visual disturbances.
- Falls.
- Diarrhea (very bad as it causes further water loss and increases dehydration).
- Increased heart rate.
- Dry mouth.
Children
Babies and children are very vulnerable because their bodies have not yet fully developed their ability to cope with external dangers, as their growth is not yet complete. Like the elderly, they are recommended to drink plenty of water. Parents should give their child water approximately every hour, even if they do not ask for it, as children may not necessarily know when they are thirsty, to avoid dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration or heatstroke in a child may include:
- Unusual fatigue or restlessness.
- Fever.
- Weight loss.
- Unusual paleness.
- Increased heart rate.
Since heat also exacerbates pollution, parents of asthmatic children must be extra vigilant.
Tips for Coping with Heatwaves
The following advice applies to everyone when it comes to staying cool and reducing health risks:
- Close windows and shutters when it's hotter outside. As temperatures drop during the day, open windows to let in fresh air.
- Avoid heat by staying out of the sun and avoiding going out between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. (the hottest time of day) if you are vulnerable to heat effects.
- Keep rooms cool by closing shutters or using light-colored curtains and keeping them closed (metal blinds and dark curtains can make the room warmer).
- Take cold baths or showers, and splash your face with cool water from time to time.
- Drink regularly: water, fruit juices, iced teas. Avoid tea, coffee, and alcohol.
- Identify the coolest room in the house to spend as much time as possible when you need to "cool down."
- Wear lightweight clothing and a hat if you go outside.
- Many public places are air-conditioned (cinemas, shopping centers, museums...), providing a safe family outing.
If you follow all these tips and ensure that everyone around you is constantly protected and assisted, everything should go well. But if an incident occurs, call emergency services.
*Additional Information: Heatwave and Extreme Heat, 2013 Heatwave Recommendations. Sources: www.nhs.uk.*