Between prejudice and misuse, the Synergia laboratory debunks common misconceptions about CBD. Here, we explain everything about this still poorly understood substance: what is cannabidiol and where does it come from? What is the difference between CBD and THC? How do you choose a safe and high-quality CBD product? Find all your answers in this article.
What is CBD?
CBD, also called cannabidiol, is one of the main substances found in the cannabis or hemp plant. These substances are called phytocannabinoids.
Generally speaking, a cannabinoid is a chemical substance found in cannabis or obtained synthetically. It has psychoactive or therapeutic properties. There are nearly a hundred phytocannabinoids in cannabis!
How CBD works in the body
CBD is a cannabinoid
CBD is a cannabinoid; a chemical substance with psychoactive or therapeutic properties. There are two main types:
- Plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids, found in the cannabis plant (e.g., CBD, THC).
- Human cannabinoids or endocannabinoids, produced by the body (e.g., anandamide, 2-AG).
Understanding the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) in our bodies was discovered in 1990 by Israeli physician Raphael Mechoulam. It is an ultra-complex system whose main function is to regulate a vast number of physiological constants, such as homeostasis (e.g., temperature, blood flow, blood pressure, etc.), immunity, appetite, sensory and pain perception, sleep-wake cycles, stress, and emotional state.
This system is composed of substances produced by our bodies called endocannabinoids, which bind to endocannabinoid receptors located throughout the body.
When an endocannabinoid binds to a receptor, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine or adrenaline). Thus, endocannabinoids lead to the release of dopamine, the hormone of happiness and pleasure.
Is CBD illegal in France? Is it a drug?
Unlike cannabis and THC, which are classified as psychotropic and narcotic substances and whose sale is illegal in France, CBD consumption is tolerated. Because it is impossible to guarantee the total absence of THC, a concentration of 0.3% is permitted in CBD products.
Therefore, excessive and chronic use can leave traces of THC in the body. It will then take a few weeks for the body to completely eliminate them.
CBD and Addiction
Habituation and dependence on CBD products containing THC are possible if the recommended dosages are not followed. A product containing CBD alone or in combination with other non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids does not have an addictive effect.
Drug Interactions
Generally, the risk of drug interactions exists if you are already taking medication for medical treatment. Therefore, the concurrent use of CBD and antidepressants, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, etc., is not recommended.
This risk is even higher in the elderly or those undergoing treatment for antiepileptic, immunosuppressant, or liver failure (5). In all cases, consult your doctor or pharmacist before using any CBD product.
Contraindications
CBD consumption is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women and is prohibited for children. This product is intended for adults only. It is also contraindicated for individuals undergoing medical treatment for liver or kidney failure, or for heart problems, among others.
CBD, THC: What's the Difference?
CBD and THC are two phytocannabinoids found in cannabis. While CBD has no psychotropic effects, THC is a psychoactive substance that alters brain function and causes euphoria or psychomotor and cognitive impairments.
It's important to remember that both CBD and THC can bind to and activate human endocannabinoid receptors in the brain. However, THC has a stronger affinity for these receptors than endocannabinoids and thus largely replaces them. This leads to overactivation of the endocannabinoid system, which can cause health problems and an increased release of dopamine, resulting in the "high."
Consequently, the body can develop a dependence on THC by seeking a feeling of well-being similar to consuming cannabinoids produced by the plant, rather than solely by the body. CBD, on the other hand, does not produce an addictive effect.
Other Components of the Cannabis Plant
There are over 500 active compounds in the cannabis plant. Among them are more than 140 types of phytocannabinoids, including CBD, THC, CBG, CBN, and CBC, for example.
Cannabis also contains terpenes, hydrocarbons responsible for the plant's odor, and molecules called flavonoids, which give it its aroma and color.
Types of CBD Extraction
There are three main types of CBD extraction: isolates, full-spectrum extracts, and broad-spectrum extracts.
- Isolate, or pure CBD, extracts only CBD, without any other cannabinoids, terpenes, or flavonoids. It does not allow for the entourage effect, meaning the synergistic effect of different compounds present in the plant.
- Broad-spectrum extracts retain CBD along with other cannabinoids (CBG, CBC, etc.), terpenes, and flavonoids, allowing for the entourage effect without the psychoactive effects of THC. Broad-spectrum extraction is a method that guarantees a high-quality product without the risks associated with THC.
- Full-spectrum extracts retain CBD along with other cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Unlike broad-spectrum e-cigarettes, it may contain THC, which can be detected in saliva tests. It should be noted that the permitted THC levels in full-spectrum e-cigarettes are low (<0.3%) and cannot cause a euphoric effect, provided the dosage and instructions for use are followed.
Types of CBD Products
Today, CBD is available in many forms: tablets, infusions, oils, e-cigarette liquids, cosmetics, candies, etc. However, the most commonly consumed format remains CBD oil, a concentrated extract of phytocannabinoids obtained from cannabis flowers or leaves and dissolved in an edible oil such as sunflower, hemp, or olive oil.
This preference stems from the practicality and ease of use of CBD oil, firstly because it allows for a regulated intake of cannabinoids, and secondly because it is simpler to ingest. It also guarantees easy and adjustable dosing in terms of the number of drops.
How to Choose Your CBD?
How do you choose the right CBD from the plethora of products available on the market? Here are some tips and warnings to help you find the CBD best suited to your needs.
Check the Composition
CBD oils are vegetable oils. Generally, they contain less than 0.3% THC and between 5% and 40% CBD.
Sometimes, CBD is combined with plants known for their health benefits, which can enhance the effects of CBD. For example, ashwagandha is an adaptogenic plant that helps manage mental tension and cope with stress. Lavender essential oil is also used in combination to promote relaxation. Finally, you can find products containing CBD and melatonin to effectively combat sleep disorders.
Prioritize quality
It is recommended to buy CBD sold in pharmacies, as the products there comply with current regulations and undergo quality control checks.
Broad spectrum vs. full spectrum
Again, your choice of CBD depends on your specific needs. Remember that full-spectrum CBD contains THC, unlike broad-spectrum CBD, which does not.
Many people prefer broad-spectrum CBD because the absence of THC ensures safe use without compromising the effectiveness of the synergistic effects of the active ingredients.
CBD Dosage and Administration for Wellness
Dietary supplements offer CBD in doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg per day maximum. Each person responds differently to CBD: some will experience its effects with a low dose, while others will need to take more to benefit.
Some manufacturers therefore advise adjusting the dosage according to individual sensitivity and experience. You can start with 10 mg per day (2 drops of CBD oil) and then increase up to the maximum recommended dose of 50 mg per day (10 drops).
Can you take CBD every day?
CBD is generally used in 15- to 20-day programs. Long-term use is not recommended.
How to identify a CBD overdose?
If the product contains both CBD and THC, an overdose can lead to intense fatigue, drowsiness, or nausea, for example (4-5). It is important to strictly adhere to the dosage indicated on the packaging and to choose a high-quality CBD product. It is also sometimes advisable to start with low doses of CBD and gradually increase them.
Where to find it?
The marketing of CBD products has exploded in recent years, to the point that specialized shops have sprung up all over the country. In France, there are approximately 3,000 CBD shops. They can also be found in tobacconists, supermarkets, and now pharmacies. It is recommended to buy your CBD from a pharmacy(3), as the origin, quality, and dosage of the CBD are controlled and guaranteed, and you benefit from the guidance of a healthcare professional.
There is a wide variety of CBD products, with different compositions and indications. It is strongly recommended to seek advice from your doctor or pharmacist.
Key takeaway: The body has an endocannabinoid system capable of regulating many essential bodily functions. A disruption of this system can cause various problems: stress, sleep and mood disorders, etc.
Sources:
(1)Pataky Z, Bobbioni-Harsch E, Carpentier A, Golay A. Le système endocannabinoïde dans l’obésité. Rev Med Suisse. 27 mars 2013;9:653‑4, 656.
(2)Hazekamp A. The Trouble with CBD Oil. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids. 12 juin 2018;1(1):65‑72.
(3)Ameli. ameli.fr. 2023. Cannabidiol (CBD) non médical : définition et précautions d’utilisation. Disponible sur: https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/medicaments/cannabidiol-cbd-non-medical-definition-et-precautions-d-utilisation
(4)Shannon S, Lewis N, Lee H, Hughes S. Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. Perm J. 7 janv 2019;23:18‑041.
(5)White CM. A Review of Human Studies Assessing Cannabidiol’s (CBD) Therapeutic Actions and Potential. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2019;59(7):923‑34.